| Modern
Operation of Telephone Systems
In
a conventional telephone system, the caller is connected to the
person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges.
The switches form an electrical connection between the two users
and the setting of these switches is determined electronically
when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made,
the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using
a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal
is then sent through the network to the user at the other end
where it transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that
person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that
works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.
Mobile
Communication
Mobile
phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile
phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in
many markets. Sales of mobile phones almost equally shared amongst
the markets of Asia/Pacific, Western Europe, CEMEA Central Europe,
the Middle East and Africa , North America and Latin America In
terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa
has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these
phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is
transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets
choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS.
In fewer than twenty years, mobile phones have gone from being
rare and expensive pieces of equipment used primarily by the business
elite, to a pervasive low-cost personal item. In many countries,
mobile phones now outnumber land-line telephones, with most adults
and many children now owning mobile phones. In the United States,
50% of children own mobile phones. It is not uncommon for young
adults to simply own a mobile phone instead of a land-line for
their residence. In some developing countries, where there is
little existing fixed-line infrastructure, the mobile phone has
become widespread.
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